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(Bloomberg) — When it comes to fiscal discipline in the European Union, three is the magic number. 
That’s a deficit limit of 3 percent of GDP, and five EU states will make the budgetary bad books this year by breaching that level, according to economists surveyed by Bloomberg since January. 

These five — the U.K., France, Spain, Greece, and Croatia — include three of Europe’s five largest economies. Three more countries — Finland, Poland, and Romania — are seen posting deficits at the threshold.

The EU dictates that governments must narrow budget deficits to within 3 percent of GDP and reduce debt to 60 percent of GDP, or face fines (though none have ever been applied despite consistent breaches). Since the Stability and Growth Pact came about in 1998 to strengthen the monitoring of budgets, 25 of the EU’s 28 members have overstepped the deficit limit. Sweden, Estonia and Luxembourg are the only countries that have avoided breaching it.

The 2008 financial crisis is largely to blame for this poor track record, as governments rolled out aggressive stimulus programs. The EU went from two member violations in 2007 (Greece and Hungary) to 22 in 2009, including fiscal conservatives such as Germany and Austria. Over that period, the average deficit for the EU rose to 6.7 percent of GDP from just 0.9 percent. In 2010, Ireland set the individual record with a staggering 32.3 percent gap, according to European Commission data.

This year’s club of projected over spenders will be the smallest in nine years. For debt-ridden Greece and growth- stunted France, that will be little consolation as they mark their 21st and ninth consecutive years of excessive deficits, respectively.  Both have received warnings and extensions from the European Commission, with France given extra breathing room until 2017 to make the necessary reforms.

French Finance Minister Michel Sapin said he expects the deficit to be back in line by the new deadline, though the latest Bloomberg survey is not so optimistic. Economists forecast a 3.2 percent deficit next year, decreasing to 3 percent in 2018.

Besides France, only Croatia is still expected to be in breach next year after emerging from a six-year recession. Spain will post a 2.8 percent deficit, followed by Greece at 2.4 percent and the U.K. at 2.2 percent. 

As for who’s managing their budgets the best, Luxembourg is the 2016 winner, with a projected surplus of 0.4 percent of GDP, followed by Estonia and Germany, whose governments will manage to spend less than they take in for the third year in a row.

All data is calculated as of the year a respective country joined the European Union, and historical data is taken from the European Commission’s AMECO database.

To contact the author of this story: Andre Tartar inNew York at atartar@bloomberg.net To contact the editors responsible for this story: Josh Robinson at jrobinson37@bloomberg.net Fergal O’Brien at fobrien@bloomberg.net